K. Gentle discussed how the collection of transient experiments (cold pulse, L-H transition, etc.) taken together can constrain models.  For example, a sufficiently stiff critical-gradient model can fit the fast core improvements following the L-H transition, first seen on JET and analyzed here on C-Mod.  Such stiff models may not be consistent with observed L-mode power degradation or other observations.  The inversion from a cooling edge to a warming core in the cold-pulse experiments requires either an (ad hoc) nonlocal model or at least a coupled two-field model, e.g. separate coupled electron and ion channels.  The observations would then be consistent with only a restricted range of possible couplings.

P. Mantica presented results from RTP using oblique pellet injection to cool the edge.  Significant  core heating occurred with ~600 =B5s delay, which analysis indicated was caused by narrow transport barriers in the region 1 =BE q =BE 2.  The confinement improvement was dramatically confirmed by applying ECH inside the barrier, raising core temperatures above 4 keV, twice the typical result.  The inverse result, core cooling caused by edge ECH heating, was also observed.  This could well explain the paradoxical results often found in off-axis modulated ECH experiments.
 
M. Kissick reminded us of the extensive collection of TFTR cold-pulse events as indicating that the disappearance of core heating at higher density is associated with increased coupling of the ion and electron channels.  There is also frequent association of the cold pulses with changes in internal MHD activity.

J. DeBoo showed that off-axis modulated ECH could provide a sensitive test of transport models, even without full transport analysis.  Various models differ in the phase of the ion and electron temperature perturbations at
the center compared with the values at the heated layer.  The Itoh-Itoh-Fukayama model fits the electron phase, but not the ion.  The IFS-PPPL  (ITG) model fits the ions, but not the electrons.  A more complete GA model can fit both phases, but not yet in all cases.  Complete fits to the amplitude and phase awaits further work.

C. Cianfarani reported results from high-power ECH on FTU, primarily with fast current ramps that produce hollow q profiles.  Central heating causes highly peaked temperature profiles with little L-mode degradation. Slightly off-axis heating profiles are initially hollow but flatten. Analysis of the evolution requires a heat pinch ~ 1 m/s.

U. Stroth discussed cold pulse and modulated ECH experiments from Wendelstein W7-AS.  The carbon-induced cold pulse edge cooling is largely adiabatic from the density increase, but some increase in edge diffusivity as also needed.  The inward propagation is normal, with no central temperature rise, although plasma parameters are very similar to tokamaks in which the effect occurs.  Modulated ECH experiments have been extended to much higher ECH powers (1.5 MW).   The near-equality of cHP and cPB in Wendelstein continues.  The modulated value is never more than twice the power-balance value.

J. Koponen presented particle transport measurements on Wendelstein W7-AS from density modulation.  Values of D from the perturbation are generally consistent with the equilibrium density profiles and with neoclassical transport, increasing with electron temperature and decreasing with density.  A significant pinch (10 m/s) is found near the edge.  A core outward convection is sometimes required.  With high-power off-axis ECH, very strong pinches are found, associated with peaked density profiles.

W. Suttrop added some results from ASDEX-Upgrade on cold pulses and edge heating.  The cold pulses at densities below 1.5 x 1019 caused central temperature rises, but with a resolvable delay of ~7 ms, roughly a tenth of
the confinement time.  The phase-reversal radius for cold edge to hot core and hot edge to cold core is the same and greater than the sawtooth inversion radius.

C. Petty presented some "nearly transient transport" results from DIII-D for incremental heating of either ions (NBI) or electrons (ECH) at low density with weak e-i coupling.  Increasing electron temperature produced a
large increase in ion thermal diffusivity, as well as an increase in electron transport.  Increasing ion temperature significantly reduced electron diffusivity and reduced ion transport.